O óleo lubrificante em detalhes
O óleo lubrificante é um dos itens mais importantes e mais simples de se fazer manutenção. No entanto, a falta de hábito de se ler o manual, unido aos mitos criados no mercado, faz com que muitos cometam erros absurdos ao se trocar o lubrificante. Em especial, para aqueles que recorrem à uma oficina ou auto peças de sua preferência na tentativa de fugir dos preços abusivos praticados pelas concessionárias onde, uma troca de óleo pode sair até 100% mais cara do que feita no particular, utilizando os mesmos componentes.
Viscosidade SAE: Hoje em dia, os carros de passeio usam óleos multiviscosos, que mudam sua viscosidade de acordo com a temperatura. Ela é indicada da seguinte maneira xxWyy
-xx, o número antes do W, indica o quão fácil o óleo fluir quando frio. Então, um óleo 5Wyy ao ser bombeado num duto, flui muito mais rápido do que um óleo 20Wyy.
Essa graduação de viscosidade trata especificamente da fluidez do óleo a baixas temperaturas.
Para essa medida, quando menor for o número, melhor. Afinal, é desejável que o óleo circule o mais rápido possível após a partida.
-yy, o número depois do W, leva em conta a viscosidade do óleo medida em altas temperaturas e a grandes pressões. Para esta especificação, não há uma regra geral. Cada motor e cada regime de trabalho requerem uma especificação diferente. Portanto, é fundamental que não se mude o especificado pelo fabricante.
Classificação API É uma classificação americana que qualifica a aditivação do óleo. Sua ordem de qualidade segue a ordem das letras do alfabeto. Hoje, encontra-se com facilidade a API SL e muitos já estão adotando API SM.
Classificação ACEA: Criada pelos fabricantes europeus, essa classificação veio complementar as normas americanas existentes devido as diferentes exigências do mercado europeu no que tange à motores trabalhando em rotações mais altas e intervalos de troca mais prolongados. A classificação ACEA está relacionada não só com a aditivação do lubrificante como a API, mas também a sua viscosidade medida em condições severas de temperatura de pressão. É possível que dois lubrificantes de mesma viscosidade SAE e aditivação API, obtenham diferentes classificações ACEA.
Atualmente temos:
-ACEA A1: Indicado para carros de passeio com motor ciclo Otto especificados para óleos de baixa viscosidade que possuem característica de economizar combustível. Deve apresentar uma economia de combustível de pelo menos 2,5% em relação a um óleo 15w40.
ACEA A3: Indicado para carros de passeio ou motores de alta performance ciclo Otto, para longos intervalos de troca e uso severo.
-ACEA A5: Indicados para carros de passeio com motor Otto em uso severo ou alta performance que demandem um óleo que possua a característica de economizar combustível e suporte longos intervalos de troca. Deve apresentar pelo menos 2,5% de economia em relação a um óleo 15w40. Seu limite inferior de viscosidade em altas temperaturas é ligeiramente superior ao A1, porém, inferior ao mínimo requerido para ACEA A3.
Nota: Ao contrário do que alguns pensam, a classificação A1, A3 e A5 não estão em ordem de qualidade.
Normalmente encontra-se no varejo óleos ACEA A1/A5 nas viscosidades xxW20 e 30.
Os óleos A3 estão em viscosidades xxW30 (raro -e caro- no Brasil), 40 e 50.
Para os motores usados no mercado nacional, a maioria de origem europeia, é extremamente desejável que se siga a classificação ACEA recomendada pelo fabricante. Em alguns casos, nota-se que os carros europeus contam com essa classificação especificada no manual, enquanto os nacionais não. Neste caso, procure a classificação ACEA do óleo recomendado pela fábrica e procure-a em outras marcas caso deseje utilizá-las.
Classificação OEM: Não obstante a criação da ACEA, os fabricantes, principalmente os Europeus, passaram a adotar classificações próprias de óleo, dado o regime de trabalho severo imposto por motores Turbo, ou a economia desejada de combustível em “versões ecológicas” e também aos intervalos de troca cada vez mais extensos, chegando a 30mil km em alguns casos.
Olhando com mais atenção nota-se que alguns fabricantes colocam suas classificações apenas em uma determinada marca de óleo (a que se tem alguma parceria) porém felizmente isso é exceção.
A classificação OEM geralmente vem acompanhada de alguma sigla que faça alusão à marca, ou o próprio nome da mesma, e um número. O óleo correto para o seu motor deve ter todo o código de acordo com o especificado.
Esta classificação, mais compacta, substitui a necessidade de se observar viscosidade, API e classificação ACEA. A homologação do fabricante indica um óleo que está, sob todos os aspectos, de acordo com os requerimentos para aquele motor.
Vale ressaltar que a classificação OEM possui diversos tipos e finalidades. Ao se olhar num óleo a homologação VW501.01, não significa afirmar que ele pode ser usado em toda linha VW. Procure àquela referente ao motor do seu carro.
Nota importante: O intervalo de troca do óleo é determinado pelo fabricante do veículo, não pela base do óleo (Mineral, Semi Sintético, etc).
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